· 1.1 Motivation

· 1.2 Problems

· 1.3 Vision

· 1.3.1 Design

· 1.3.2 Processes

· 1.3.3 Equipment and materials

· 1.3.4 Maintenance an repair

· 1.4 Contents of the book

2. UCIS – Underground construction information system

· 2.1 Introduction

· 2.2 UCIS – Underground construction information system

· 2.2.1 Objectives

· 2.2.2 Architecture

· 2.2.3 Design and development

· 2.2.4 Data model

· 2.2.5 3D ground model

· 2.3 Introduction

· 2.4 Contribution to the overall project

· 2.5 Workflow

· 2.6 Geometrical data: software implementation

· 2.7 Geological & geomechanical attributes: classification

· 2.8 Geological & geotechnical database

· 2.9 Data link geometrical data – geological/ geotechnical objects

· 2.10 Subsurface models

· 2.10.1 UCIS – Applications

· 2.11 KRONOS – tunnel information system

· 2.12 KRONOS-WEB – monitoring data reporting and alarming system

· 2.13 Decision support system for cyclic tunnelling

· 2.14 Web-based information system on underground construction projects

· 2.15 Virtual reality visualisation system

· 2.16 Summary

3. Computer-support for the design of underground structures

· 3.1 Introduction

· 3.2 State-of-the-art in tunnel design

· 3.3 The applied design concept

· 3.3.1 Design method

· 3.3.2 Analysis of the possible degree of automation

· 3.3.3 Automation concept

· 3.4 Rule base for tunnel pre-design

· 3.4.1 Determination of the ground behaviour

· 3.4.2 Determination of suitable excavation methods and support measures

· 3.5 Key input parameters

· 3.6 Support classes

· 3.7 Energy classes

· 3.8 Excavation methods

· 3.9 Refinement for shield tunneling

· 3.9.1 General workflow embedded in the rule base

· 3.9.2 Determination of time and costs

· 3.10 Integrated optimization platform for underground construction

· 3.10.1 Realization/implementation

· 3.11 Graphical user interface

· 3.12 3D-Ground model

· 3.13 Rule base

· 3.14 Numerical simulation software

· 3.14.1 Background information and software technology

· 3.15 Summary

4. A virtual reality visualisation system for underground construction

· 4.1 Introduction

· 4.1.1 Virtual reality

· 4.1.2 Augmented reality

· 4.1.3 Mixed reality

· 4.1.4 Capacity of today’s VR-, AR- and MR-systems

· 4.2 A Virtual reality visualisation system for underground construction

· 4.2.1 Objective

· 4.2.2 Input data

· 4.2.3 VR software

· 4.2.4 VR hardware

· 4.2.5 Application example

· 4.3 Summary

· 4.4 Outlook, augmented reality in tunnelling

5. From laboratory, geological and TBM data to input parameters for simulation models

· 5.1 Introduction

· 5.2 A hierarchical, relational and web-driven Rock Mechanics Database

· 5.2.1 Introduction

· 5.2.2 Test data reduction methodology

· 5.2.3 A failure criterion for rocks

· 5.2.4 Example calibration of lab test rock parameters to model parameters of the HMC constitutive model (Level-B of analysis)

· 5.2.5 Structure of the rock mechanics database

· 5.3 Geometrical and geostatistical discretization of geological solids

· 5.3.1 Introduction

· 5.3.2 Solid modeling

· 5.3.3 Geostatistical modeling

· 5.4 A special upscaling theory of rock mass parameters

· 5.4.1 Introduction

· 5.4.2 A special upscaling theory for rock masses

· 5.4.3 Illustrative upscaling example

· 5.5 Back-analysis of tbm logged data

· 5.5.1 Introduction

· 5.5.2 Basic relationships

· 5.5.3 An example of backward analysis

· 5.6 Conclusions

6. Process-oriented numerical simulation of mechanised tunnelling

· 6.1 Introduction

· 6.1.1 Requirements for computational models for mechanised tunnel construction

· 6.1.2 Novel computational framework for process-oriented simulations in mechanised tunnelling as part of an integrated decision support system

· 6.2 Three-phase model for partially saturated soil

· 6.2.1 Theory of porous media

· 6.2.2 Governing balance equations

· 6.2.3 Constitutive relations for hydraulic behaviour

· 6.2.4 Stress-strain behaviour of soil skeleton

· 6.3 Finite element formulation of the multiphase model for soft soils

· 6.3.1 Spatial and temporal discretization

· 6.3.2 Object-oriented implementation

· 6.4 Selection of soil models and parameters

· 6.4.1 Saturated soil model

· 6.4.2 Unsaturated soil model

· 6.4.3 Cemented soil model

· 6.4.4 Double hardening soil model

· 6.5 Verification of the three-phase model for soft soils

· 6.5.1 Consolidation test

· 6.5.2 Drying test

· 6.6 Components of the finite element model for mechanised tunnelling

· 6.6.1 Heading face support

· 6.6.2 Frictional contact between TBM and soil

· 6.6.3 Tail void grouting

· 6.6.4 Shield machine, hydraulic jacks, lining and backup trailer

· 6.7 Model generation and simulation procedure

· 6.7.1 Automatic model generation

· 6.7.2 Mesh adaption for TBM advance and steering of shield machine

· 6.7.3 Interface to IOPT

· 6.7.4 Parallelisation concept

· 6.8 Sensitivity analysis and parameter identification

· 6.8.1 Numerical approximation of sensitivity terms

· 6.8.2 Analytical sensitivities derived by the direct differentiation method

· 6.8.3 Adjoint method for deriving analytical sensitivities

· 6.8.4 Implementation of analytical sensitivity methods

· 6.8.5 Optimisation of process parameters

· 6.8.6 Inverse analyses for estimation of unknown parameters

· 6.8.7 Current state and outlook for further developments in sensitivity analyses

· 6.9 Selected applications of the simulation model for mechanised tunnelling

· 6.9.1 Numerical simulation of compressed air support

· 6.9.2 Numerical simulation of changing pressure conditions at the heading face

· 6.9.3 Numerical simulation of the Mas Blau section of L9 of Metro Barcelona

· 6.10 Conclusions

7. Computer simulation of conventional construction

· 7.1 Introduction

· 7.2 A new simulation paradigm

· 7.3 Preprocessor

· 7.4 The boundary element method

· 7.4.1 Sequential excavation

· 7.5 Example – sequential tunnel excavation

· 7.5.1 Non-linear material behavior

· 7.6 Non-linear BEM

· 7.7 The non-linear solution algorithm

· 7.8 Hierarchical constitutive model

· 7.9 Example

· 7.9.1 Heterogeneous ground and ground improvement methods

· 7.10 Introduction

· 7.11 Consideration of geological conditions

· 7.12 Pipe roofs

· 7.13 Examples

· 7.13.1 Rock bolts

· 7.14 Introduction

· 7.15 Fully grouted rock bolts

· 7.16 Discrete anchored bolts

· 7.17 Examples

· 7.17.1 Shotcrete and steel arches

· 7.18 Introduction

· 7.19 Shotcrete as an assembly of shell finite elements

· 7.20 Steel arches as an assembly of beam finite elements

· 7.21 Optimization of code and adaptation to special hardware

· 7.21.1 Computational complexity

· 7.21.2 Iterative solvers

· 7.21.3 Fast methods

· 7.21.4 Modern hardware – parallelization

· 7.22 Practical application

· 7.22.1 The koralm tunnel

8. Optical fiber sensing cable for underground settlement monitoring during tunneling

· 8.1 Introduction

· 8.1.1 Tunnel construction with tunnel boring machines

· 8.1.2 Risk associated to tunneling in urban areas

· 8.1.3 State of the art

· 8.1.4 Research frame

· 8.1.5 Settlement to be measured

· 8.1.6 Developed solutions

· 8.2 Sensors based on deformation of optical fibres

· 8.2.1 General principles

· 8.2.2 Brillouin technology

· 8.2.3 Fiber embedded at the periphery of a cable or a tube

· 8.2.4 Cable environment

· 8.2.5 Development of an industrial process

· 8.3 Sensing element

· 8.4 15 mm diameter cable

· 8.5 150 mm diameter cable

· 8.6 Sensors based on slope measurement

· 8.7 Sensor validation

· 8.7.1 Geometric validation in open air

· 8.8 Bench test

· 8.9 Optical fiber validation

· 8.10 TBMSET validation

· 8.10.1 Geometric validation in buried material – cairo tests

· 8.11 Presentation of cairo project

· 8.12 Test area

· 8.13 Settlement gauges network

· 8.14 Installation of the test area

· 8.15 On site data acquisition from sensing elements

· 8.16 Job site data

· 8.17 Settlement gauges

· 8.18 Validation of pipe behavior inside the ground

· 8.19 Impact of grout injection on the settlement

· 8.20 Optical fiber results

· 8.21 TBMSET results

· 8.22 Conclusion

9. Tunnel seismic exploration and its validation based on data from TBM control and observed geology

· 9.1 Introduction

· 9.2 Seismic exploration during tunneling

· 9.2.1 Challenges

· 9.2.2 Finite-difference simulations of seismic data

· 9.3 Description of the discrete model

· 9.4 Modeling results

· 9.4.1 Short outline of seismic data processing

· 9.5 Pre-processing

· 9.6 Migration and velocity analysis

· 9.7 Use of TBM data and geology for seismic data validation

· 9.8 Conclusions

10. Advances in the steering of Tunnel Boring Machines

· 10.1 Introduction

· 10.1.1 Motivation

· 10.1.2 Solution concept

· 10.2 Analysis of relevant steering parameters

· 10.2.1 TBM control and monitoring systems – state of the art

· 10.3 Systems for subsidence monitoring

· 10.4 Monitoring systems for geodetic survey of the machine position and orientation

· 10.5 Steering system for the control parameters of the tunnelling machine

· 10.5.1 Induced surface deformations and control parameters during shield drive

· 10.6 Subsidence in front of the cutter head (advanced subsidence)

· 10.7 Subsidence in the area of the shield

· 10.8 Subsidence associated with annular gap grouting

· 10.9 Subsidence after hardening of the annular gap mortar (subsequent subsidence)

· 10.9.1 Expert rules for subsidence control

· 10.10 Steering system

· 10.10.1 Requirements

· 10.10.2 Solution concept and system architecture

· 10.10.3 Fuzzy logic expert system and reasoning

· 10.11 Rules

· 10.12 Fuzzy logic data evaluation

· 10.12.1 Software system developed

· 10.12.2 verification and validation

· 10.13 Incident management system

· 10.13.1 General

· 10.13.2 Causes for incidents

· 10.14 Geology and hydrology

· 10.15 Shield machine

· 10.16 Operation errors

· 10.16.1 Development of the incident catalogue

· 10.16.2 Description of the incident management system

· 10.16.3 Showcase example in detail

· 10.16.4 Automated detection of incidents

· 10.17 Conclusion

11. Real-time geological mapping of the front face

· 11.1 Introduction

· 11.2 State of the art

· 11.3 Technological solution

· 11.3.1 Objectives

· 11.3.2 Specifications

· 11.3.3 Technological choices

· 11.4 Disc cutter and housing

· 11.5 Overall description

· 11.6 Monitored parameters

· 11.7 Disc cutter modeling

· 11.8 Mobydic monitoring

· 11.9 Applications

· 11.9.1 Lock ma shau tunnel

· 11.9.2 A41

· 11.10 Conclusion

12. Reducing the environmental impact of tunnel boring (OSCAR)

· 12.1 Introduction

· 12.2 State of the art

· 12.2.1 Historical context

· 12.2.2 Tunnel construction with tunnel boring machine

· 12.2.3 Soil conditioning for EPB machine

· 12.3 Research project description

· 12.3.1 Objective

· 12.3.2 The overall objective of these tests isto define the specific additive properties versus specific situations, e.g. soil, confinement pressure, soil permeability, and to develop adapted foams. A computer program has been written for the right selection the foam dosage. Selected tests

· 12.4 Oscar reactor

· 12.4.1 OSCAR general view

· 12.4.2 The reactor

· 12.4.3 Screw conveyor

· 12.4.4 Baroïd water loss filter (Garcia, IFP)

· 12.4.5 Direct output

· 12.4.6 Foam production (Fig. 11)

· 12.5 Test results

· 12.5.1 Soil

· 12.6 Soil types

· 12.7 Clay

· 12.8 Silt

· 12.9 Sand

· 12.10 Mixed soil

· 12.11 Soil with gypsum content

· 12.12 Soil conditioning

· 12.12.1 Additives

· 12.13 Surfactants

· 12.14 Foam design rules

· 12.15 Specifications of foams

· 12.16 Polymers

· 12.17 Other additives

· 12.18 Specification of foams

· 12.19 Input required and calculation of foam parameters

· 12.20 Atmospheric tests

· 12.21 Hyperbaric Tests

· 12.22 Foam dosage computation

· 12.23 Proposed draft standard

· 12.23.1 Ground sampling

· 12.23.2 Cutter head sealant

· 12.23.3 Soil conditioning test

· 12.24 Step 1: Atmospheric tests

· 12.25 Step 2: Atmospheric tests

· 12.26 Step 3: Pressurized tests

· 12.27 Conclusion

13. Safety assessment during construction of shotcrete tunnel shells using micromechanical material models

· 13.1 Introduction

· 13.2 Modeling cementitious materials in the framework of continuum micromechanics

· 13.2.1 Fundamentals of micromechanics – Representative volume element (RVE)

· 13.2.2 Micromechanical representation of cementitious materials

· 13.2.3 Elasticity and strength of cementitious materials

· 13.3 Morphological representation of hydration products in cement paste

· 13.4 Strength of cement paste

· 13.5 Strength of shotcrete

· 13.6 Experimental validation of micromechanics-based material models

· 13.6.1 Mixture-dependent shotcrete composition

· 13.6.2 Experimental validation on cement paste level

· 13.6.3 Experimental validation on shotcrete level

· 13.7 Micromechanics-based characterization of shotcrete: Influence of water-cement and aggregate-cement ratios on elasticity and strength evolutions

· 13.8 Continuum micromechanics-based safety assessment of natm tunnel shells

· 13.8.1 Water-cement ratio-dependence of structural safety

· 13.8.2 Aggregate-cement ratio-dependence of structural safety

· 13.9 Conclusions

14. Observed segment behaviour during tunnel advance

· 14.1 Introduction

· 14.2 Organization of the chapter

· 14.3 Forces on the EPB machine

· 14.3.1 Excavation mode

· 14.3.2 Ring mounting mode

· 14.4 Eccentricity of the Jack’s total thrust

· 14.5 Backfill mortar injection pressures

· 14.6 Study of several cases

· 14.6.1 Collection and treatment of data

· 14.6.2 Geological considerations

· 14.6.3 Comparison between theoretical and EPB machine registered thrusts

· 14.6.4 Registered eccentricities

· 14.6.5 Tests to measure the pressure on the segments using pressure sensors

· 14.7 Conclusions

· 14.7.1 Definition of the forces acting on the EPB machine.

· 14.7.2 Effects of the eccentricity of the resultant of thrusting forces

· 14.7.3 Distribution of the backfill mortar pressures

15. Optimizing rock cutting through computer simulation

· 15.1 Introduction

· 15.2 Tool–rock interaction

· 15.3 Wear of rock cutting tools

· 15.4 Thermomechanical model of rock cutting

· 15.5 Wear model

· 15.6 Determination of rock model parameters

· 15.7 Simulation of rock cutting laboratory test

· 15.8 Simulation of rock cutting with wear evaluation

· 15.9 3D simulation of the laboratory test of rock cutting

· 15.10 Simulation of the linear cutting test

· 15.11 Conclusions

16. Innovative roadheader technology for safe and economic tunnelling

· 16.1 Roadheaders – state of the art

· 16.1.1 Tunneling with roadheaders

· 16.1.2 The principle of roadheader operation

· 16.1.3 Roadheader components

· 16.2 Overview

· 16.3 Cutter head, picks

· 16.3.1 Roadheader application

· 16.3.2 Roadheader selection

· 16.4 Rock parameters

· 16.5 Profile size – mode of application

· 16.6 One-step face excavation

· 16.7 Multi-step excavation of larger sections

· 16.8 Application in difficult ground conditions

· 16.8.1 Application example: Mont Cenis Tunnel/France–Italy

· 16.8.2 Application example: Metro Montreal Project, Lot C 04/Canada

· 16.9 The new roadheader generation – features and benefits

· 16.9.1 New technology

· 16.9.2 Integrated guidance system

· 16.10 Introduction

· 16.11 System principle

· 16.11.1 Improved sandvik cutting technology

· 16.12 Introduction

· 16.13 Pick-rock interaction

· 16.14 Numerical simulation

· 16.15 Outlook

17. Tube-à-manchette installation using horizontal directional drilling for soil grouting

· 17.1 Introduction

· 17.2 development of an articulated double packer

· 17.3 development of a blocking system for the sealing grout

· 17.4 design of the test

· 17.5 test development

· 17.5.1 Phase 1: Initial works

· 17.5.2 Phase 2: Horizontal directional drilling

· 17.5.3 Phase 3: Steel casing installation

· 17.5.4 Phase 4: Steel casing extraction

· 17.5.5 Phase 5: Injection of the grout bag

· 17.5.6 Phase 6: Annular sheath grouting

· 17.5.7 Phase 8: Ground injection

· 17.6 Summary

18. TBM technology for large to very large tunnel profiles

· 18.1 Introduction

· 18.2 Two mixshields for the railway tunnel access route to the brenner base tunnel

· 18.3 Two double shielded hard rock TBMs for the Brisbane North South Bypass Tunnel (NSBT)

· 18.4 Trend of very large diameter tunnel profiles

· 18.4.1 Largest earth pressure balance shield (Ø15.2M) used for the M30 road tunnel project in Madrid

· 18.4.2 Largest mixshield (Ø15.4 m) used for the Changjiang under river tunnel project in Shanghai

· 18.5 Tunconstruct activities

19. Real-time monitoring of the shotcreting process

· 19.1 Introduction

· 19.2 Monitoring the shotcreting process

· 19.2.1 Pumping variables

· 19.2.2 Spraying variables

· 19.3 Final remarks

20. Environmentally friendly, customised sprayed concrete

· 20.1 Introduction

· 20.2 Performance-based approach

· 20.3 Indicators chosen and their meanings

· 20.3.1 Constituent materials and mix proportions

· 20.3.2 Full scale sample preparation and tests conducted

· 20.4 Advantages of the approach: selected results

· 20.5 Final remarks and conclusions

· 20.6 Abbreviations

21. Innovations in shotcrete mixes

· 21.1 Introduction

· 21.2 Innovations

· 21.2.1 New components materials PB criterion

· 21.2.2 New special superplasticizer and nozzle accelerator

· 21.3 Special superplasticizer

· 21.4 Nozzle accelerator

· 21.4.1 New SM Automation of shotcrete machine

· 21.4.2 New admixture dosing unit

· 21.5 Shotcrete simplified mix design rules program

· 21.5.1 MDR (Mix Design Rules)

· 21.5.2 SMD (Shotcrete Mix design)

· 21.5.3 RER Validation factor

· 21.6 Summary

22. High performance and ultra high performance concrete segments – development and testing

· 22.1 Introduction

· 22.2 Development and laboratory testing

· 22.2.1 Basic recipe development

· 22.2.2 Derivation of design parameters and re-calculation

· 22.2.3 Comparative calculations

· 22.2.4 Checking of fire resistant behavior

· 22.2.5 Testing of industrial segment production

· 22.3 Real scale tests

· 22.3.1 General

· 22.3.2 Segment load bearing test

· 22.4 General

· 22.5 Test stand (Fig. 22.8)

· 22.6 Measurement

· 22.7 Conducting the segment load bearing test

· 22.7.1 Diaphragm load test

· 22.8 General

· 22.9 Test stand (Fig. 22.12)

· 22.10 Measurement

· 22.11 Conducting the diaphragm load test

· 22.11.1 Torsional rigidity test

· 22.12 General

· 22.13 Test stand (Fig. 22.14)

· 22.14 Measurement

· 22.15 Conducting the torsional rigidity test

· 22.16 First test results

· 22.17 Summary

23. Robotic tunnel inspection and repair

· 23.1 Introduction

· 23.2 Dragarita robot for fast inspection

· 23.3 IRIS: Integrated robotic inspection and maintenance system

· 23.3.1 Maintenance operations

· 23.3.2 Integrated process automation

· 23.3.3 Laboratory and field tests

· 23.4 Conclusions

24. An innovative geotechnical characterization method for deep exploration

· 24.1 Introduction

· 24.2 Background

· 24.3 Rock mass characterization with the stackable logging tools

· 24.3.1 Field tests

· 24.3.2 Rock quality estimation and borehole geophysical logging

· 24.4 Summary and conclusions